質(zhì)譜與紫外檢測器的異同
上一篇 / 下一篇 2007-08-22 01:02:16/ 個人分類:質(zhì)譜
轉(zhuǎn)自丁香園,作者:Cooks
你可以把質(zhì)譜理解為一個檢測器,就如常用的紫外檢測器一樣。
那我們想想,紫外檢測器能提供什么信號呢?紫外檢測器只能對那些在紫外區(qū)(一般為190-400 nm)有吸收的化合物有信號,也就是可以看到高出本底的色譜峰。這時候的信號僅能提供化合物相對量或者絕對量(需要標準物質(zhì))的信息,假如單波長紫外檢測器改為DAD,那么這時候除了提供被分析物質(zhì)量的信息以外,還能提供化合物的定性信息(特征吸收峰)。但DAD的紫外圖譜作為定性的依據(jù)存在專署性差的問題(很明顯,一張紫外圖譜一般只有幾個峰,并且都是很寬的峰,表示的信息當然很有限了)。
那么質(zhì)譜作為檢測器能提供什么信息?
1、定量信息
2、定性信息
下面我們具體分析一下,從定量和定性兩方面質(zhì)譜到底優(yōu)于紫外的有哪些地方:
首先說定量,
(1)從可分析的化合物方面,質(zhì)譜大大超過UV,比如沒有紫外吸收或僅有末端吸收的化合物(皂甙、萜類、糖等),用質(zhì)譜分析具有很大的優(yōu)勢。一般只要化合物能夠被電離,就可以被分析。極性比較大的化合物可用ESI源,極性比較小的用APCI源,而對于那些極性非常小的化合物,比如多環(huán)芳烴類化合物,即便用APCI相應也很差,可以考慮用APPI。
(2)從靈敏度上看,一般質(zhì)譜比紫外高1-2個數(shù)量級,假如采用SRM模式,靈敏度會更高,我們測過的生物樣品最低可測到pg/mL(麥角甾酮類化合物)。
(3)從分析的速度和樣品的通量上看,假如你用HPLC-UV作定量的話,必須把要分析的化合物與其他所有干擾物質(zhì)分開,這個問題在分析體內(nèi)樣品的時候尤其嚴重。而用質(zhì)譜的話,大部分情況你根本不用考慮分離,就可以實現(xiàn)定量,我們以前做的許多生物利用度的項目的分析方法都是死時間出峰的(Rt~=2 min)。這樣的分析速度,我們每天可以測定大于200個樣本,這時單純的液相方法無法比擬的。
(4)當然還有其它更多的指標,這和不同廠家的儀器也有關,以后我們再詳細探討。
接下來再看看定性方面,我們以離子阱為例(定性是離子阱的強項):
(1)提供整個結(jié)構的信息。相對于DAD僅提供官能團的信息,質(zhì)譜提供的信息豐富多了,尤其是多極質(zhì)譜。有時候我們僅通過質(zhì)譜就可以確定為之化合物的結(jié)構,給你一篇最新參考文獻(Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2006; 20: 2328-2342)
(2)輔助代謝產(chǎn)物鑒定,這方面也是質(zhì)譜應用很廣的一個領域。生物體內(nèi)的代謝產(chǎn)物,往往很微量,直接分離得到相當困難,假如沒有質(zhì)譜技術,現(xiàn)在代謝物的鑒定將會是非常困難的。一方面質(zhì)譜可以提供代謝物的碎片信息,輔助你推斷代謝物的結(jié)構,然后你可以通過微生物轉(zhuǎn)化或者合成的方法,得到代謝,從而最終確定代謝產(chǎn)物的結(jié)構;另一方面,也可以通過質(zhì)譜直接確定代謝產(chǎn)物的結(jié)構,比如一些二相代謝產(chǎn)物(葡萄糖醛酸結(jié)合物等)。
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液質(zhì)在中藥方面的應用主要(國外文獻)是集中在藥材的基礎研究上,比如使用多種質(zhì)譜技術快速鑒定中藥中的已知和未知化合物,而不需要像傳統(tǒng)的方法那樣進行植化分離,大大節(jié)省了成本和時間。
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你可以把質(zhì)譜理解為一個檢測器,就如常用的紫外檢測器一樣。
那我們想想,紫外檢測器能提供什么信號呢?紫外檢測器只能對那些在紫外區(qū)(一般為190-400 nm)有吸收的化合物有信號,也就是可以看到高出本底的色譜峰。這時候的信號僅能提供化合物相對量或者絕對量(需要標準物質(zhì))的信息,假如單波長紫外檢測器改為DAD,那么這時候除了提供被分析物質(zhì)量的信息以外,還能提供化合物的定性信息(特征吸收峰)。但DAD的紫外圖譜作為定性的依據(jù)存在專署性差的問題(很明顯,一張紫外圖譜一般只有幾個峰,并且都是很寬的峰,表示的信息當然很有限了)。
那么質(zhì)譜作為檢測器能提供什么信息?
1、定量信息
2、定性信息
下面我們具體分析一下,從定量和定性兩方面質(zhì)譜到底優(yōu)于紫外的有哪些地方:
首先說定量,
(1)從可分析的化合物方面,質(zhì)譜大大超過UV,比如沒有紫外吸收或僅有末端吸收的化合物(皂甙、萜類、糖等),用質(zhì)譜分析具有很大的優(yōu)勢。一般只要化合物能夠被電離,就可以被分析。極性比較大的化合物可用ESI源,極性比較小的用APCI源,而對于那些極性非常小的化合物,比如多環(huán)芳烴類化合物,即便用APCI相應也很差,可以考慮用APPI。
(2)從靈敏度上看,一般質(zhì)譜比紫外高1-2個數(shù)量級,假如采用SRM模式,靈敏度會更高,我們測過的生物樣品最低可測到pg/mL(麥角甾酮類化合物)。
(3)從分析的速度和樣品的通量上看,假如你用HPLC-UV作定量的話,必須把要分析的化合物與其他所有干擾物質(zhì)分開,這個問題在分析體內(nèi)樣品的時候尤其嚴重。而用質(zhì)譜的話,大部分情況你根本不用考慮分離,就可以實現(xiàn)定量,我們以前做的許多生物利用度的項目的分析方法都是死時間出峰的(Rt~=2 min)。這樣的分析速度,我們每天可以測定大于200個樣本,這時單純的液相方法無法比擬的。
(4)當然還有其它更多的指標,這和不同廠家的儀器也有關,以后我們再詳細探討。
接下來再看看定性方面,我們以離子阱為例(定性是離子阱的強項):
(1)提供整個結(jié)構的信息。相對于DAD僅提供官能團的信息,質(zhì)譜提供的信息豐富多了,尤其是多極質(zhì)譜。有時候我們僅通過質(zhì)譜就可以確定為之化合物的結(jié)構,給你一篇最新參考文獻(Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2006; 20: 2328-2342)
(2)輔助代謝產(chǎn)物鑒定,這方面也是質(zhì)譜應用很廣的一個領域。生物體內(nèi)的代謝產(chǎn)物,往往很微量,直接分離得到相當困難,假如沒有質(zhì)譜技術,現(xiàn)在代謝物的鑒定將會是非常困難的。一方面質(zhì)譜可以提供代謝物的碎片信息,輔助你推斷代謝物的結(jié)構,然后你可以通過微生物轉(zhuǎn)化或者合成的方法,得到代謝,從而最終確定代謝產(chǎn)物的結(jié)構;另一方面,也可以通過質(zhì)譜直接確定代謝產(chǎn)物的結(jié)構,比如一些二相代謝產(chǎn)物(葡萄糖醛酸結(jié)合物等)。
====================
液質(zhì)在中藥方面的應用主要(國外文獻)是集中在藥材的基礎研究上,比如使用多種質(zhì)譜技術快速鑒定中藥中的已知和未知化合物,而不需要像傳統(tǒng)的方法那樣進行植化分離,大大節(jié)省了成本和時間。
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引用 刪除 happydog2004 / 2008-11-12 06:17:55
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