來源：儀器信息網(wǎng)分析測試百科網(wǎng)slbK%px/_}!k*z"X
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An internal standard should be used when performing MS quantitation. An appropriate internal standard will control for extraction, HPLC injection and ionization variability. In a complex matrix it is not uncommon for two different standard levels in SRM integrated plots, at the lower end of the standard curve, to give nearly an identical response. It is only when an internal standard is used that the two points can be differentiated. Some researchers attempt to prepare standard curves and run samples without an internal standard and find moderate success. Often without an internal standard % RSDs of replicates can be as high as 20%. Using an internal standard the % RSDs can be brought down to approximately 2%. We run triplicates at each level of our standard curve.

How do I choose an internal standard?

The best internal standard is an isotopically labeled version of the molecule you want to quantify. An isotopically labeled internal standard will have a similar extraction recovery, ionization response in ESI mass spectrometry, and a similar chromatographic retention time. If you are performing non-clinical PK quantitation it may be difficult to justify such a standard since a special synthesis of an isotopically labeled standard can be expensive and time consuming. Often if you are working with medicinal chemists they will have a library of compound analogs that can be used as internal standards. These analogs were made in the evolution of the compound to be tested and will be similar to the compound to be quantified and more importantly will be slightly different by parent mass. Try to avoid using de-methylated (-14) or hydroxylated (+16) analogs as internal standards since these are the most common mass shifts observed in naturally occuring metabolites of the parent compound. A common internal standard is a chlorinated version of the parent molecule. A chlorinated version of the parent molecule will commonly have a similar chromatographic retention time which is an important characteristic of an internal standard. We have found that one of the most important characteristics of an internal standard is that it co-elutes with the compound to be quantified.

How do I use an internal standard? 

First of all an internal standard should be added at the beginning of the sample work-up, typically before the plasma crash or solid phase extraction. The internal standard should be added at the same level in every sample including the standards. An internal standard should give a reliable MS response. Care should be taken that the amount of the internal standard is well above the limit of quantitation but not so high as to suppress the ionization of the analyte. "How much internal standard should I add?", this is an important question. It pays to know roughly how much compound is in your sample. This can be accomplished by making trial analyses of an early, middle and late time point with perhaps one or two standard points. This information will be very valuable when building an appropriate standard curve and in knowing how much internal standard to add. If you were trying to quantify samples in the range of 100 fg to 25 pg and the limit of detection was 100 fg you might add 5 to 10 pg of internal standard to every sample. A good rule of thumb is to target the internal standard to the lower 1/3 of the working standard curve. This is a range that will give a comfortable response without interfering with the ionization of the analyte.

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中文：

什么叫內(nèi)標(biāo)法?怎樣選擇內(nèi)標(biāo)物?

內(nèi)標(biāo)法是一種間接或相對的校準(zhǔn)方法。在分析測定樣品中某組分含量時，加入一種內(nèi)標(biāo)物質(zhì)以校誰和消除出于操作條件的波動而對分析結(jié)果產(chǎn)生的影響，以提高分析結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確度。

內(nèi)標(biāo)法在氣相色譜定量分析中是一種重要的技術(shù)。使用內(nèi)標(biāo)法時，在樣品中加入一定量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)，它可被色譜拄所分離，又不受試樣中其它組分峰的干擾，只要測定內(nèi)標(biāo)物和待測組分的峰面積與相對響應(yīng)值，即可求出待測組分在樣品中的百分含量。采用內(nèi)標(biāo)法定量時，內(nèi)標(biāo)物的選擇是一項十分重要的工作。理想地說，內(nèi)標(biāo)物應(yīng)當(dāng)是一個能得到純樣的己知化合物，這樣它能以準(zhǔn)確、已知的量加到樣品中去，它應(yīng)當(dāng)和被分析的樣品組分有基本相同或盡可能一致的物理化學(xué)性質(zhì)(如化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)、極性、揮發(fā)度及在溶劑中的溶解度等)、色譜行為和響應(yīng)特征，最好是被分析物質(zhì)的一個同系物。當(dāng)然，在色譜分析條什下，內(nèi)標(biāo)物必須能與樣品中各組分充分分離。需要指出的是，在少數(shù)情況下，分析人員可能比較關(guān)心化臺物在一個復(fù)雜過程中所得到的回收率，此時，他可以使用一種在這種過程中很容易被完全回收的化臺物作內(nèi)標(biāo)，來測定感興趣化合物的百分回收率，而不必遵循以上所說的選擇原則。

在使用內(nèi)標(biāo)法定量時，有哪些因素會影響內(nèi)標(biāo)和被測組分的峰高或峰面積的比值?

影響內(nèi)標(biāo)和被測組分峰高或峰面積比值的因素主要有化學(xué)方面的、色譜方面的和儀器方面的三類。

由化學(xué)方面的原因產(chǎn)生的面積比的變化常常在分析重復(fù)樣品時出現(xiàn)。

化學(xué)方面的因素包括：分析測試百科網(wǎng)u#?:?])mB@
1、內(nèi)標(biāo)物在樣品里混合不好；
\/Z0dJ.}H02、內(nèi)標(biāo)物和樣品組分之間發(fā)生反應(yīng)，
I:~:^#\1F)n B g03、內(nèi)標(biāo)物純度可變等。

對于一個比較成熟的方法來說，色譜方面的問題發(fā)生的可能性更大一些，色譜上常見的一些問題(如滲漏)對絕對面積的影響比較大，對面積比的影響則要小一些，但如果絕對面積的變化已大到足以使面積比發(fā)生顯著變化的程度，那么一定有某個重要的色譜問題存在，比如進(jìn)樣量改變太大，樣品組分濃度和內(nèi)標(biāo)濃度之間有很大的差別，檢測器非線性等。進(jìn)樣量應(yīng)足夠小并保持不變，這樣才不致于造成檢測器和積分裝置飽和。如果認(rèn)為方法比較可靠，而色譜固看來也是正常的話，應(yīng)著重檢查積分裝置和設(shè)置、斜率和峰寬定位。對積分裝置發(fā)生懷疑的最有力的證據(jù)是：面積比可變，而峰高比保持相對恒定，

在制作內(nèi)標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線時應(yīng)注意什么?

在用內(nèi)標(biāo)法做色譜定量分析時，先配制一定重量比的被測組分和內(nèi)標(biāo)樣品的混合物做色譜分析，測量峰面積，做重量比和面積比的關(guān)系曲線，此曲線即為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線。在實際樣品分析時所采用的色譜條件應(yīng)盡可能與制作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線時所用的條件一致，因此，在制作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線時，不僅要注明色譜條件(如固定相、柱溫、載氣流速等)，還應(yīng)注明進(jìn)樣體積和內(nèi)標(biāo)物濃度。在制作內(nèi)標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線時，各點并不完全落在直線上，此時應(yīng)求出面積比和重量比的比值與其平均位的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差，在使用過程中應(yīng)定期進(jìn)行單點校正，若所得值與平均值的偏差小于2，曲線仍可使用，若大于2，則應(yīng)重作曲線，如果曲線在鉸短時期內(nèi)即產(chǎn)生變動，則不宜使用內(nèi)標(biāo)法定量。 分析測試百科網(wǎng)c/v4cjTS